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Title: GDP, Unemployment, Government Expenditure in Bangladesh: Testing the Relevance of Okun’s Law

Abstract: This study examines the dynamic relationship among Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and government expenditure in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2025. The analysis highlights a period of robust economic performance, with GDP growth consistently averaging above 6%, driven primarily by manufacturing, garment exports, and the service sector. Despite the significant disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which saw growth dip to 3.45%, the economy demonstrated structural resilience and a rapid recovery. Concurrently, government expenditure has expanded significantly as a fiscal tool for development, particularly through large-scale infrastructure projects and social safety nets. Public spending rose from BDT 1,217 billion in 2016 to over BDT 2,218 billion by 2025. However, this expansionary stance has not fully addressed labor market inefficiencies. Unemployment has remained relatively stable between 3% and 5%, suggesting that the link between GDP growth and job creation is weak, thereby offering only limited support for Okun’s Law in the Bangladeshi context. The study identifies persistent structural challenges, including high youth unemployment and skill mismatches, and concludes that inclusive growth policies and labor market reforms are essential to translate macroeconomic gains into sustainable employment generation.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Imran Hosen, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Impact of Digital and Social Media Advertising on Millennial Consumers

Abstract: Generation Y, commonly identified as Millennials, comprises individuals born between 1981 and 1996. Characterized by profound digital immersion and technological proficiency, this cohort has been significantly influenced by the pervasive expansion of social media. Consequently, social media advertising has emerged as a formidable catalyst in shaping their purchase intentions, consumption patterns, and brand preferences. The present study investigates the multifaceted influence of social media advertising on the buying behaviour of Generation Y consumers within the contemporary digital marketplace. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that social media advertising exerts a profound influence on the lifestyle orientations, consumption behaviour, and purchase decision-making processes of Generation Y consumers. The ubiquitous proliferation of digital platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, and X (formerly Twitter) has fundamentally reconfigured the dynamics of consumer–brand interaction. By facilitating instantaneous access to comprehensive product information, authentic consumer reviews, algorithmically curated recommendations, and influencer-generated endorsements, social media advertising substantially shapes consumer perceptions, reinforces purchase intentions, and cultivates enduring brand predispositions within the contemporary digital ecosystem. The study further highlights that Generation Y consumers actively engage with digital content and rely heavily on online reviews and peer recommendations before making purchases. Businesses and marketers can therefore better understand consumer expectations and design effective advertising strategies to attract and retain this segment. The research concludes that social media advertising has become an essential marketing tool influencing Generation Y’s buying behaviour in the modern digital economy.

By Swati Agarwal
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Live-in-Relationships and Socio - Legal Challenges in India

Abstract: Due to the absence of legal protection for property rights, live-in relationships continue to be socially stigmatised in India, especially in traditional groups. Property rights are usually valued by married couples, and live-in partnerships are not specifically recognised by Indian law. The difficulties that live-in couples encounter may be made worse by this lack of family support. Without legal recognition, issues pertaining to inheritance rights and child custody become complicated. Although it offers some protection against domestic abuse, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005 can be difficult to apply and enforce. Partners can not have the same financial rights or job benefits as married spouses. Despite these challenges, perceptions about cohabitation are gradually shifting, especially among younger people and in urban areas. Comprehensive legislative reforms are necessary to address the socio-legal problems that cohabiting couples face and to provide them with adequate protection and rights.

By Mohd Danish Khan, Pushkar Raj
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Traditional Continuousness and Market Services: A Mixed-Method Field Study of Khadi Weaving Communities in Cumilla, Bangladesh

Abstract: A mixed-methods field study in Cumilla District, Bangladesh, from October 2025 to February 2026 studies Khadi manufacture and community well-being. It also illustrates global market entry issues. Primary data came from 360 semi-structured artisan interviews, 8 64-person focus groups, 300 household surveys from five upazillas, and 120 hours of participant observation. This study analyzed qualitative data (1,847 coded references, 24 nodes/6 themes) using NVivo 14 and evaluated quantitative dichotomous outcomes (well-being, market access, and GI awareness) using Fisher's Exact Test, One-Proportion Z-Test, Point-Biserial Correlation, McNemar's Test, and Cohen's Kappa (?=0.87).Major findings indicate that 71.4% of craftsmen experience emotional fulfillment in Khadi production, with present artists reporting superior well-being than former craftspeople (WHO-5 mean: 68.3 vs. 52.1; OR=4.82, p<0.001). GI certification increased average monthly wages 28.4% (BDT 8,450–10,850), however 62% are below the national living wage. Young people's engagement decreased from 42% (2010) to 18% (p<0.001) due to limited opportunities and a dismal income outlook (67%). Only 12% of people have access to global markets, and digital literacy highly corresponds with export activity (r_pb=0.42, p<0.001). These findings help the Craft-Centered Marketing Methodology (CCMM) balance market integration and cultural continuity utilizing the "Story-Value-Connection" (SVC) framework for sustainable Khadi growth.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Muhammad Mahboob Ali, Kiran
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: GDP, Unemployment, Government Expenditure in Bangladesh: Testing the Relevance of Okun’s Law

Abstract: This study examines the dynamic relationship among Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and government expenditure in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2025. The analysis highlights a period of robust economic performance, with GDP growth consistently averaging above 6%, driven primarily by manufacturing, garment exports, and the service sector. Despite the significant disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which saw growth dip to 3.45%, the economy demonstrated structural resilience and a rapid recovery. Concurrently, government expenditure has expanded significantly as a fiscal tool for development, particularly through large-scale infrastructure projects and social safety nets. Public spending rose from BDT 1,217 billion in 2016 to over BDT 2,218 billion by 2025. However, this expansionary stance has not fully addressed labor market inefficiencies. Unemployment has remained relatively stable between 3% and 5%, suggesting that the link between GDP growth and job creation is weak, thereby offering only limited support for Okun’s Law in the Bangladeshi context. The study identifies persistent structural challenges, including high youth unemployment and skill mismatches, and concludes that inclusive growth policies and labor market reforms are essential to translate macroeconomic gains into sustainable employment generation.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Imran Hosen, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Financial Performance Evaluation of NSE AND BSE: A Comparative Assessment of Revenue Structure, Operating Efficiency, and Profitability (2020–2025)

Abstract: Stock exchanges play a crucial role in today’s financial systems by providing platforms for raising capital, enhancing market liquidity, and fostering economic growth. The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) and BSE Limited (BSE) in India have witnessed a sea change in the last decade due to technological advancements, regulatory reforms and increasing retail participation. They are regulated in the same way but differ in their revenue models, operating efficiencies and profitability. The present study has made a comparative analysis of the financial performance of NSE & BSE for the period 2020-2025 with the help of secondary data collected from the annual reports & financial statements. Various approaches such as trend analysis and comparative ratio analysis are studied for key performance indicators such as revenue growth, operating margin, and return on equity. Initial results show NSE is operationally more efficient and profitable mainly due to its dominance in the equity derivatives and technology-based product market. By contrast, BSE has focused on innovations in SME listings and mutual fund platforms, but its scale is small. This research adds to the literature on financial market infrastructure by providing insight to regulators, investors and researchers.

By Shamshad Khan, Arvind Kumar Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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