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Title: Financial Performance Evaluation of NSE AND BSE: A Comparative Assessment of Revenue Structure, Operating Efficiency, and Profitability (2020–2025)

Abstract: Stock exchanges play a crucial role in today’s financial systems by providing platforms for raising capital, enhancing market liquidity, and fostering economic growth. The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) and BSE Limited (BSE) in India have witnessed a sea change in the last decade due to technological advancements, regulatory reforms and increasing retail participation. They are regulated in the same way but differ in their revenue models, operating efficiencies and profitability. The present study has made a comparative analysis of the financial performance of NSE & BSE for the period 2020-2025 with the help of secondary data collected from the annual reports & financial statements. Various approaches such as trend analysis and comparative ratio analysis are studied for key performance indicators such as revenue growth, operating margin, and return on equity. Initial results show NSE is operationally more efficient and profitable mainly due to its dominance in the equity derivatives and technology-based product market. By contrast, BSE has focused on innovations in SME listings and mutual fund platforms, but its scale is small. This research adds to the literature on financial market infrastructure by providing insight to regulators, investors and researchers.

By Shamshad Khan, Arvind Kumar Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Live-in-Relationships and Socio - Legal Challenges in India

Abstract: Due to the absence of legal protection for property rights, live-in relationships continue to be socially stigmatised in India, especially in traditional groups. Property rights are usually valued by married couples, and live-in partnerships are not specifically recognised by Indian law. The difficulties that live-in couples encounter may be made worse by this lack of family support. Without legal recognition, issues pertaining to inheritance rights and child custody become complicated. Although it offers some protection against domestic abuse, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005 can be difficult to apply and enforce. Partners can not have the same financial rights or job benefits as married spouses. Despite these challenges, perceptions about cohabitation are gradually shifting, especially among younger people and in urban areas. Comprehensive legislative reforms are necessary to address the socio-legal problems that cohabiting couples face and to provide them with adequate protection and rights.

By Mohd Danish Khan, Pushkar Raj
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Impact of AI-Powered Personalized Learning on Self-Regulated Learning, Academic Engagement, and Learning Autonomy among Secondary School Students

Abstract: There have been numerous ways in which Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the educational process through its ability to deliver adaptive instruction, intelligent tutoring, feedback mechanisms, learning analytics, and learning through Generative AI. AI-driven personalized learning is able to provide personalized education for students, thus not only enhancing the academic achievements but also the processes involved in regulating and engaging in learning. Several studies have found that AI is able to facilitate self-regulated learning (SRL), depending on the technological design, instructional context, length of intervention and level of teacher and learner participation (Zhu & Sari, 2026; Xu et al., 2026). The current paper focuses on the possible effect of AI-driven personalized learning on three related learner outcomes including self-regulated learning, academic engagement, and learning autonomy among secondary school students. This research brings together international literature along with Indian literature such as Babbar, Raju and Kumari’s studies regarding Generative AI and Learning Efficiency in the Indian educational setting. The structured research approach and quantitative method are introduced, and then illustrated with statistical findings. The literature indicates that personalisation through AI can be effective in terms of helping learners to monitor and regulate their activities; however, it will not help in case the dependence on technology becomes too high and there is no pedagogical scaffolding present. That is why the paper concludes in favour of human-centered approach and AI as a tool rather than substitution of teachers and cognitive processes.

By Rajesh Kumar Raju, Monika Kumari
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Financial Performance Evaluation of NSE AND BSE: A Comparative Assessment of Revenue Structure, Operating Efficiency, and Profitability (2020–2025)

Abstract: Stock exchanges play a crucial role in today’s financial systems by providing platforms for raising capital, enhancing market liquidity, and fostering economic growth. The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) and BSE Limited (BSE) in India have witnessed a sea change in the last decade due to technological advancements, regulatory reforms and increasing retail participation. They are regulated in the same way but differ in their revenue models, operating efficiencies and profitability. The present study has made a comparative analysis of the financial performance of NSE & BSE for the period 2020-2025 with the help of secondary data collected from the annual reports & financial statements. Various approaches such as trend analysis and comparative ratio analysis are studied for key performance indicators such as revenue growth, operating margin, and return on equity. Initial results show NSE is operationally more efficient and profitable mainly due to its dominance in the equity derivatives and technology-based product market. By contrast, BSE has focused on innovations in SME listings and mutual fund platforms, but its scale is small. This research adds to the literature on financial market infrastructure by providing insight to regulators, investors and researchers.

By Shamshad Khan, Arvind Kumar Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Technology as a Catalyst for Global Change: Innovation, Equity, and Sustainable Transformation

Abstract: Technology has emerged as a transformative force shaping global development, social equity, and environmental sustainability. From artificial intelligence and digital health systems to renewable energy and smart infrastructure, technological innovation is redefining economies, governance, and human well-being. However, unequal access to digital resources, infrastructural disparities, and ethical challenges continue to widen global inequalities. This chapter explores how technology functions as a catalyst for global change by examining its role in innovation ecosystems, social inclusion, and sustainable development. It critically analyzes digital transformation across sectors such as healthcare, education, industry, and environmental management, while addressing issues of digital divide, data governance, and ethical responsibility. The chapter further aligns technological advancements with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizing inclusive innovation and policy-driven transformation. Through conceptual frameworks and global case illustrations, it proposes a balanced pathway that integrates innovation with equity and sustainability. Ultimately, the chapter argues that technology, when guided by ethical governance and inclusive policies, can serve as a powerful instrument for achieving resilient and sustainable global futures.

By Neha Soni
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Transformation: opportunities, challenges and Future Directions

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force that is redefining the way organizations approach digital transformation. By enabling intelligent automation, advanced data analysis, predictive decision-making, and personalized customer experiences, AI has become a key driver of innovation and organizational competitiveness. Despite its growing adoption, organizations continue to face several challenges, including ethical concerns, data privacy issues, cybersecurity risks, workforce adaptation, and implementation costs. This study examines the role of Artificial Intelligence in digital transformation by synthesizing evidence from recent academic literature, industry reports, and credible institutional publications. The paper adopts a qualitative approach based on secondary sources to explore how AI contributes to organizational transformation across different sectors. The analysis highlights that successful digital transformation depends not only on technological adoption but also on organizational readiness, effective leadership, employee capabilities, and responsible governance. The study further discusses the opportunities created by AI, the barriers affecting its implementation, and the future directions that can support sustainable digital transformation. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers, business leaders, and policymakers seeking to understand the evolving relationship between Artificial Intelligence and digital transformation in the modern business environment.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Kavita
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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