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Title: GDP, Unemployment, Government Expenditure in Bangladesh: Testing the Relevance of Okun’s Law

Abstract: This study examines the dynamic relationship among Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and government expenditure in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2025. The analysis highlights a period of robust economic performance, with GDP growth consistently averaging above 6%, driven primarily by manufacturing, garment exports, and the service sector. Despite the significant disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which saw growth dip to 3.45%, the economy demonstrated structural resilience and a rapid recovery. Concurrently, government expenditure has expanded significantly as a fiscal tool for development, particularly through large-scale infrastructure projects and social safety nets. Public spending rose from BDT 1,217 billion in 2016 to over BDT 2,218 billion by 2025. However, this expansionary stance has not fully addressed labor market inefficiencies. Unemployment has remained relatively stable between 3% and 5%, suggesting that the link between GDP growth and job creation is weak, thereby offering only limited support for Okun’s Law in the Bangladeshi context. The study identifies persistent structural challenges, including high youth unemployment and skill mismatches, and concludes that inclusive growth policies and labor market reforms are essential to translate macroeconomic gains into sustainable employment generation.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Imran Hosen, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Climate Change, Security Dilemmas, and Power Transitions: India–Europe Perspectives on Global Stability

Abstract: Climate change has become a critical driver of contemporary security challenges, reshaping geopolitical alignments and intensifying security dilemmas in an increasingly multipolar international order. This paper examines the climate–security nexus from India–Europe perspectives, highlighting how climate-induced risks—such as extreme weather events, resource scarcity, displacement, and threats to critical infrastructure—act as threat multipliers that exacerbate existing conflicts and complicate global stability. From the European perspective, climate security has gained strategic significance in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war, which exposed vulnerabilities related to energy dependence and supply-chain disruptions. Consequently, Europe increasingly integrates climate action with energy transition, strategic autonomy, and foreign policy objectives. In contrast, India approaches climate security through the lens of development, resilience, and equity, prioritizing adaptation, energy access, and disaster preparedness while emphasizing differentiated responsibilities in global climate governance. The paper argues that these differing priorities generate security dilemmas in areas such as clean energy competition, access to critical minerals, climate finance, and technological standards. At the same time, expanding India–Europe engagement through green technology cooperation, resilient supply chains, and inclusive climate governance offers opportunities to mitigate climate-related security risks. The study concludes that strengthened India–Europe cooperation is essential for managing climate-driven insecurities and contributing to global stability in an era of accelerating environmental and geopolitical change.

By Dimple Chaudhary
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Impact of AI-Powered Personalized Learning on Self-Regulated Learning, Academic Engagement, and Learning Autonomy among Secondary School Students

Abstract: There have been numerous ways in which Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the educational process through its ability to deliver adaptive instruction, intelligent tutoring, feedback mechanisms, learning analytics, and learning through Generative AI. AI-driven personalized learning is able to provide personalized education for students, thus not only enhancing the academic achievements but also the processes involved in regulating and engaging in learning. Several studies have found that AI is able to facilitate self-regulated learning (SRL), depending on the technological design, instructional context, length of intervention and level of teacher and learner participation (Zhu & Sari, 2026; Xu et al., 2026). The current paper focuses on the possible effect of AI-driven personalized learning on three related learner outcomes including self-regulated learning, academic engagement, and learning autonomy among secondary school students. This research brings together international literature along with Indian literature such as Babbar, Raju and Kumari’s studies regarding Generative AI and Learning Efficiency in the Indian educational setting. The structured research approach and quantitative method are introduced, and then illustrated with statistical findings. The literature indicates that personalisation through AI can be effective in terms of helping learners to monitor and regulate their activities; however, it will not help in case the dependence on technology becomes too high and there is no pedagogical scaffolding present. That is why the paper concludes in favour of human-centered approach and AI as a tool rather than substitution of teachers and cognitive processes.

By Rajesh Kumar Raju, Monika Kumari
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: A Bibliometric Analysis of Women Entrepreneurship: Trends, Themes, and Global Perspectives

Abstract: Women entrepreneurs are the most rapidly expanding section of global entrepreneurship and have garnered significant attention from several scholars, particularly in recent years. Emerging entrepreneurship literature indicates that females contribute significantly to entrepreneurial activities and economic growth by generating new jobs and enhancing gross domestic product.This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis based on data extracted from the Web of Science record to explore the key trends, themes, and contributions in women entrepreneurship research. Using VOS viewer, the study maps keyword co-occurrences, identifies prominent themes, and analyzes the geographical distribution of publications. Findings highlight critical intersections of gender, innovation, and sustainability in entrepreneurship, revealing emerging areas for future research and policy development to foster global inclusive ecosystems for women entrepreneurs.

By Deepak Kumar, Tamanna
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Technology as a Catalyst for Global Change: Innovation, Equity, and Sustainable Transformation

Abstract: Technology has emerged as a transformative force shaping global development, social equity, and environmental sustainability. From artificial intelligence and digital health systems to renewable energy and smart infrastructure, technological innovation is redefining economies, governance, and human well-being. However, unequal access to digital resources, infrastructural disparities, and ethical challenges continue to widen global inequalities. This chapter explores how technology functions as a catalyst for global change by examining its role in innovation ecosystems, social inclusion, and sustainable development. It critically analyzes digital transformation across sectors such as healthcare, education, industry, and environmental management, while addressing issues of digital divide, data governance, and ethical responsibility. The chapter further aligns technological advancements with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizing inclusive innovation and policy-driven transformation. Through conceptual frameworks and global case illustrations, it proposes a balanced pathway that integrates innovation with equity and sustainability. Ultimately, the chapter argues that technology, when guided by ethical governance and inclusive policies, can serve as a powerful instrument for achieving resilient and sustainable global futures.

By Neha Soni
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Live-in-Relationships and Socio - Legal Challenges in India

Abstract: Due to the absence of legal protection for property rights, live-in relationships continue to be socially stigmatised in India, especially in traditional groups. Property rights are usually valued by married couples, and live-in partnerships are not specifically recognised by Indian law. The difficulties that live-in couples encounter may be made worse by this lack of family support. Without legal recognition, issues pertaining to inheritance rights and child custody become complicated. Although it offers some protection against domestic abuse, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005 can be difficult to apply and enforce. Partners can not have the same financial rights or job benefits as married spouses. Despite these challenges, perceptions about cohabitation are gradually shifting, especially among younger people and in urban areas. Comprehensive legislative reforms are necessary to address the socio-legal problems that cohabiting couples face and to provide them with adequate protection and rights.

By Mohd Danish Khan, Pushkar Raj
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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