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Title: GDP, Unemployment, Government Expenditure in Bangladesh: Testing the Relevance of Okun’s Law

Abstract: This study examines the dynamic relationship among Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and government expenditure in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2025. The analysis highlights a period of robust economic performance, with GDP growth consistently averaging above 6%, driven primarily by manufacturing, garment exports, and the service sector. Despite the significant disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which saw growth dip to 3.45%, the economy demonstrated structural resilience and a rapid recovery. Concurrently, government expenditure has expanded significantly as a fiscal tool for development, particularly through large-scale infrastructure projects and social safety nets. Public spending rose from BDT 1,217 billion in 2016 to over BDT 2,218 billion by 2025. However, this expansionary stance has not fully addressed labor market inefficiencies. Unemployment has remained relatively stable between 3% and 5%, suggesting that the link between GDP growth and job creation is weak, thereby offering only limited support for Okun’s Law in the Bangladeshi context. The study identifies persistent structural challenges, including high youth unemployment and skill mismatches, and concludes that inclusive growth policies and labor market reforms are essential to translate macroeconomic gains into sustainable employment generation.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Imran Hosen, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Innovative Business Models in Supplying Energy Finance as a Service and Leasing in México

Abstract: This research report examines innovative business models in energy finance as a service (EFaaS) and leasing mechanisms within the Mexican energy sector. As México transitions toward renewable energy and sustainable development goals, novel financing structures have emerged to overcome traditional barriers to energy infrastructure investment. Results demonstrate that energy leasing and service-based models have achieved significant market traction, particularly in commercial solar photovoltaic installations and energy efficiency projects. Findings reveal that successful models incorporate flexible payment structures, comprehensive maintenance services, and performance guarantees that align incentives between service providers and clients. The discussion addresses regulatory enablers, financing innovations, and technology integration strategies that facilitate model adoption. The report concludes that EFaaS and leasing models represent transformative mechanisms for accelerating Mexico's energy transition, with implications for policy development, financial sector engagement, and sustainable infrastructure deployment.

By José G. Vargas-Hernández, Dra. Patricia Villasana-Ramos, M. C. Omar C. Vargas-González
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: The Theory and Practice of Conceptual Aspect of Democracy - A Critical Review

Abstract: Democracy is a way of life. It provides “Possibility of concurrence in action without the preliminary necessity of shared religion, moral conviction or political program. The democratic temper may lead to readiness to accept an other’s truth to be as good as his own, and therefore to enter into community, so far as it is possible to secure a reconciliation. ‘Democracy is traditional to level for the so called fundamental issues, which in any view, remain fundamental even if a number of schools apparently consider them obsolete’. The expressions ‘democracy’ and ‘democratic’ have been used in varying senses in different countries and in many places have been subjected to denote the state of affairs which is in complete negation of the meaning in which they are understood. The three spheres of Democracy are Political, economic and social. Political democracy means the Government by the people, economic democracy connotes the control of the means of production and social democracy means the abolition of social Privileges.

By Surendra Nath Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Transformation: opportunities, challenges and Future Directions

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force that is redefining the way organizations approach digital transformation. By enabling intelligent automation, advanced data analysis, predictive decision-making, and personalized customer experiences, AI has become a key driver of innovation and organizational competitiveness. Despite its growing adoption, organizations continue to face several challenges, including ethical concerns, data privacy issues, cybersecurity risks, workforce adaptation, and implementation costs. This study examines the role of Artificial Intelligence in digital transformation by synthesizing evidence from recent academic literature, industry reports, and credible institutional publications. The paper adopts a qualitative approach based on secondary sources to explore how AI contributes to organizational transformation across different sectors. The analysis highlights that successful digital transformation depends not only on technological adoption but also on organizational readiness, effective leadership, employee capabilities, and responsible governance. The study further discusses the opportunities created by AI, the barriers affecting its implementation, and the future directions that can support sustainable digital transformation. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers, business leaders, and policymakers seeking to understand the evolving relationship between Artificial Intelligence and digital transformation in the modern business environment.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Kavita
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Chanakya Niti in the Digital Age: A Strategic Approach to Employee Stress Management in IT Sector

Abstract: Purpose: The current research paper analyzes that in IT sector, how strategic practices based on Chanakya Niti influence stress management in the National Capital Region (NCR). The paper signifies the importance of classical strategic wisdom in the contemporary organizational setting in reaction to the increasing stress at the workplace precipitated by the technological demands and competitive work environment. Methodology: A cross sectional and quantitative method was applied in this study. For data collection purpose, primary source like questionnaire was disseminated to gathered the significant information from 400 respondents which were utilized for statistical tests application as per the suitability of hypothesis. For assess the relations and check the effect of variables in this study, correlation and regression analysis were applied. Findings: The results show that the strategic practices of Chanakya Niti are moderately implemented in IT organizations, and employee stress management is moderate, and the issue of burnout is still apparent. The correlation analysis has revealed that strategic practices and employee stress management have a strong positive relationship. Moreover, regression analysis proved that the practices based on Chanakya Niti have a statistically direct relation with the stress management of employees. Practical Implications: The study shows that the old strategic concepts such as ethical governance, strategic foresight, emotional intelligence, and disciplined leadership can be applied to the new management practices by companies to benefit. Nonetheless, the practices must be supplemented with more extensive employee well-being programs, and supportive workplace policies. Originality/Value: It offers a testimony on the applicability of traditional Indian strategic wisdom to the contemporary workplace issues, especially in managing employee stress in the IT industry.

By Shreya Panwar, Shivani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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