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Title: Financial Performance Evaluation of NSE AND BSE: A Comparative Assessment of Revenue Structure, Operating Efficiency, and Profitability (2020–2025)

Abstract: Stock exchanges play a crucial role in today’s financial systems by providing platforms for raising capital, enhancing market liquidity, and fostering economic growth. The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) and BSE Limited (BSE) in India have witnessed a sea change in the last decade due to technological advancements, regulatory reforms and increasing retail participation. They are regulated in the same way but differ in their revenue models, operating efficiencies and profitability. The present study has made a comparative analysis of the financial performance of NSE & BSE for the period 2020-2025 with the help of secondary data collected from the annual reports & financial statements. Various approaches such as trend analysis and comparative ratio analysis are studied for key performance indicators such as revenue growth, operating margin, and return on equity. Initial results show NSE is operationally more efficient and profitable mainly due to its dominance in the equity derivatives and technology-based product market. By contrast, BSE has focused on innovations in SME listings and mutual fund platforms, but its scale is small. This research adds to the literature on financial market infrastructure by providing insight to regulators, investors and researchers.

By Shamshad Khan, Arvind Kumar Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Mediation as a Transformative Mechanism in Insolvency Resolution Under the IBC: Emerging Dimensions Under the Mediation Act, 2023

Abstract: The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) was enacted to ensure time-bound insolvency resolution, maximisation of asset value, and balancing of stakeholders’ interests. Nevertheless, increasing procedural delays, adversarial litigation, and mounting pendency before the National nyny Law Tribunal (NCLT) have diluted the efficiency of the insolvency framework. In this evolving context, mediation has emerged as a constructive and commercially viable mechanism capable of harmonising creditor-debtor relations while preserving enterprise value. The enactment of the Mediation Act marks a significant legislative shift towards institutional and pre-litigation mediation in India’s dispute resolution architecture. This paper critically examines the growing interface between mediation and insolvency law in India with special reference to recent developments under the IBC regime. It analyses how consensual dispute resolution can supplement the rigid adjudicatory model of insolvency proceedings, particularly in operational debt disputes, inter-creditor disagreements, avoidance transactions, and pre-packaged insolvency mechanisms. The study further evaluates the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India’s proposal permitting operational creditors to opt for mediation prior to initiating proceedings under Section 9 of the IBC, thereby institutionalising a culture of negotiated settlements within insolvency jurisprudence. The paper argues that mediation can substantially reduce litigation costs, preserve business continuity, maintain commercial relationships, and decongest insolvency tribunals without undermining the objectives of the IBC. It also explores the compatibility of mediated settlements with the principles of creditor autonomy, procedural fairness, and economic efficiency. By examining comparative global practices and contemporary Indian reforms, the paper concludes that mediation represents not merely an adjunct remedy but a transformative jurisprudential tool capable of reshaping insolvency governance in India from adversarial resolution to collaborative restructuring.

By Ashok Kumar Sharma
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Humanitarian Crises and Refugee Mental Health in Europe: A Psychological Perspective on Forced Migration and Global Governance

Abstract: War, political instability, persecution, human rights violations and natural calamities have forced millions of people to involuntarily run from their homes in search of safety and stability, due to these sorrowful reasons humanitarian crisis arises and explains what really happens with these refugees. Europe has become one of the major destinations for refugees escaping such crises, however their experiences and what they are truly going through in order to survive is frequently reduced to policy debates. This paper strives to understand humanitarian crises, forced migration and refugee mental health challenges in Europe through a psychological perspective along with understanding the importance of global governance. This study uses a qualitative content analysis approach as it uses secondary data from international organization and existing research literature to assess the reasons for forced migration. The refugees who flee from their home countries don't migrate voluntarily because migration for them becomes a vital necessity when safety, dignity and basic rights are threatened to them and their families. They come across financial burden, unemployment, legal uncertainty, social exclusion, discrimination and very limited access to healthcare and mental health services. The existing literature regularly shows that these stressors built-up over time have severe psychological repercussions. The refugees show a very high prevalence of mental health disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex traumatic stress disorder which happens due to persistent exposure to trauma, depressive and anxiety disorders, sleep disturbances and somatic symptom disorders. This study also addresses how India-Europe collaboration would help through policy exchange frameworks and community-based mental health interventions.

By Ojasvi Chaudhary
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Technology as a Catalyst for Global Change: Innovation, Equity, and Sustainable Transformation

Abstract: Technology has emerged as a transformative force shaping global development, social equity, and environmental sustainability. From artificial intelligence and digital health systems to renewable energy and smart infrastructure, technological innovation is redefining economies, governance, and human well-being. However, unequal access to digital resources, infrastructural disparities, and ethical challenges continue to widen global inequalities. This chapter explores how technology functions as a catalyst for global change by examining its role in innovation ecosystems, social inclusion, and sustainable development. It critically analyzes digital transformation across sectors such as healthcare, education, industry, and environmental management, while addressing issues of digital divide, data governance, and ethical responsibility. The chapter further aligns technological advancements with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizing inclusive innovation and policy-driven transformation. Through conceptual frameworks and global case illustrations, it proposes a balanced pathway that integrates innovation with equity and sustainability. Ultimately, the chapter argues that technology, when guided by ethical governance and inclusive policies, can serve as a powerful instrument for achieving resilient and sustainable global futures.

By Neha Soni
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Chanakya Niti in the Digital Age: A Strategic Approach to Employee Stress Management in IT Sector

Abstract: Purpose: The current research paper analyzes that in IT sector, how strategic practices based on Chanakya Niti influence stress management in the National Capital Region (NCR). The paper signifies the importance of classical strategic wisdom in the contemporary organizational setting in reaction to the increasing stress at the workplace precipitated by the technological demands and competitive work environment. Methodology: A cross sectional and quantitative method was applied in this study. For data collection purpose, primary source like questionnaire was disseminated to gathered the significant information from 400 respondents which were utilized for statistical tests application as per the suitability of hypothesis. For assess the relations and check the effect of variables in this study, correlation and regression analysis were applied. Findings: The results show that the strategic practices of Chanakya Niti are moderately implemented in IT organizations, and employee stress management is moderate, and the issue of burnout is still apparent. The correlation analysis has revealed that strategic practices and employee stress management have a strong positive relationship. Moreover, regression analysis proved that the practices based on Chanakya Niti have a statistically direct relation with the stress management of employees. Practical Implications: The study shows that the old strategic concepts such as ethical governance, strategic foresight, emotional intelligence, and disciplined leadership can be applied to the new management practices by companies to benefit. Nonetheless, the practices must be supplemented with more extensive employee well-being programs, and supportive workplace policies. Originality/Value: It offers a testimony on the applicability of traditional Indian strategic wisdom to the contemporary workplace issues, especially in managing employee stress in the IT industry.

By Shreya Panwar, Shivani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: A Qualitative Analysis of 40 Case Studies on BUBT Students' Admission Experience and Satisfaction

Abstract: Based on in-depth case studies of forty students from all academic departments, this study offers a thorough qualitative examination of the admission experiences and satisfaction of students at Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT). This study finds important factors impacting admission decisions, student happiness, and retention intentions using NVivo 14 software for rigorous qualitative data analysis. The results show a complicated paradox: although 90% of students selected BUBT mainly because of its reasonably priced tuition (20,000–25,000 BDT per semester), they also voiced serious discontent with the qualifications of the instructors, classroom conduct, bullying on Facebook, and subpar housing. With 92.5% of female students satisfied, the proctorial system was found to be the most favorable element. Nonetheless, 65% of students said they had witnessed or experienced instructor annoyance in the form of yelling, canceling classes, or acting insultingly, and 85% of students desired senior teachers with PhDs. The fact that 80% of students said they would be willing to pay an additional 5,000–10,000 BDT per semester if BUBT hired internationally renowned PhD staff and addressed behavioral concerns with teachers is also remarkable. Additionally, 45% of students saw their institution rating as a direct advantage for their own careers, according to the report. Eight evidence-based recommendations, with projected implementation timescales ranging from immediate to two years, are included in the research's conclusion. These recommendations include urgent PhD faculty recruitment, teacher training programs, hostel expansion, and official Facebook group moderating.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Tasfiunnoor Pinky, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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