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Title: Best Practices in Microcredit Governance: Lessons from Bangladesh

Abstract: The performance of two prominent microcredit providers—Grameen Bank and BRAC NGO—is examined in this paper, with particular attention paid to their different organizational structures and governance frameworks. As a borrower-owned cooperative, Grameen Bank promotes member involvement in decision-making, which, through group lending, encourages ownership and peer support but may also lead to social pressure. BRAC NGO, on the other hand, employs a centralized governance model and offers a thorough approach to micro credit that is in line with its larger social development initiatives. Although this strategy provides comprehensive assistance, it may not be as flexible to meet the needs of each borrower. Although borrower choices and economic conditions have an impact on their effectiveness, both groups aim to increase loan attachment and reduce poverty. While BRAC depends on a combination of donor money and revenue-generating operations, Grameen Bank places a higher priority on self-sufficiency. The impact and sustainability of microcredit systems might be improved by fusing the advantages of both models—BRAC's integrated approach and Grameen Bank's borrower ownership.

By Tahmina Akhter, Shanzida Hassan
In Volume: 14,Issue: 1
Title: A SWOT Analysis on Service Quality and Hospitality in Star Hotels from an Indian Market Perspective

Abstract: Previous studies explain lots of insights on hotel management in terms of service quality, challenges, issues, and problems faced in the inns. However, there is a gap in bridging the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of hotels common faces. This study addressed the gap by approaching the customer-centric viewpoint. The study looks to ascertain the strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T) of the hotel management from a customer perspective and to find the connection among the hotel facilities and frequency of customer visits for staying. The results enlighten that there is significance between the hotel amenities, price affordability, and frequency of the visit of customers. Therefore, amenities consistently give guests a comfortable space to remain longer and foster a positive perception of the hotel. The research's results are restricted to the study region; they may vary over time and between regions. From a competitive perspective, service quality contributes to the hotels by increasing their strengths and opportunities and decreasing weaknesses and threats.

By M. Shanthi, R. Ganapathi
In Volume: 14,Issue: 1
Title: Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic on Indian Sugar Industry: Challenges, Disruptions and Recovery Pathways

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic, which began as a global health crisis, quickly escalated into a far-reaching economic disruption, significantly impacting industries across the world. The Indian sugar industry—one of the country’s most critical agro-based sectors—was no exception. As a key contributor to rural livelihoods, employment, and the national economy, the industry found itself grappling with unprecedented challenges across its entire value chain. The impact was observed from the very first stage of sugarcane cultivation, which faced labor shortages and transportation issues, to the subsequent phases of processing and manufacturing, which suffered from reduced mill capacities and supply chain constraints. Ethanol production, a major revenue source through the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme, experienced demand fluctuations tied to global oil market volatility. Moreover, marketing and export activities came to a near halt due to domestic lockdowns and international trade restrictions, resulting in inventory surpluses and financial stress across the sector. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted disruptions caused by the pandemic. It highlights the systemic vulnerabilities exposed during the crisis, the operational and financial challenges encountered by stakeholders—ranging from farmers to mill operators—and the mitigating measures undertaken by both the government and industry associations. In addition, the research proposes a strategic recovery roadmap focused on diversification, supply chain resilience, policy adaptability, and long-term sustainability. By exploring these dimensions, the study aims to contribute to the development of a more robust and crisis-resilient Indian sugar industry in the post-pandemic era.

By Atul Kumar
In Volume: 14,Issue: 1
Title: The Role of Social Media Marketing Strategies in Promoting Uttarakhand Tourism

Abstract: This study explores the role of Social Media Marketing Strategies (SMMSs) in promoting tourism in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. With the rise of digital platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, and WhatsApp, social media has become a pivotal tool for destination branding, customer engagement, and tourism outreach. The research adopts a qualitative, descriptive design and relies solely on secondary data, including academic literature, government tourism reports, and digital platform analytics. The paper identifies key determinants of successful social media marketing in tourism content quality, user-generated content, influencer marketing, real-time engagement, and platform-specific strategies. Uttarakhand's current digital efforts are largely focused on basic visual content, with limited use of advanced engagement tools like Social CRM or influencer-led campaigns. It critically evaluates the current approach using a SWOT analysis framework and identifies both achievements and gaps in platform utilisation, content localisation, and targeted advertising. This evaluation provides detailed recommendations to improve digital outreach, including platform diversification, technological innovation, regional inclusion, and sustainable tourism promotion. The findings suggest that while Uttarakhand has made significant progress in digital tourism marketing, an integrated and adaptive strategy is essential to achieve long-term success in an increasingly competitive and dynamic tourism landscape. The research concludes by offering practical recommendations, including developing multilingual content, deeper influencer collaboration, improved feedback mechanisms, and benchmarking against digitally mature tourism states. These strategies can help Uttarakhand maximise its tourism potential by aligning digital marketing practices with evolving traveller behaviours.

By Vijendra Kumar, Bushra Mateen
In Volume: 14,Issue: 1
Title: A Critical Review on Financial, Developmental and Supervisory Role of NABARD: With Special Reference to Functions of its Management Bodies

Abstract: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) formed in 1982 on 12th July is India's leading agricultural finance and rural development institution. This paper critically examines NABARD's development, financing, and supervisory roles with particular reference to the operations of its organizational hierarchies. NABARD performs as a support system for rural banking organizations' refinancing, financial inclusion, financing infrastructure operations, and promoting capacity-building schemes such as Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS). Its departments such as Financial Inclusion and Development, Infrastructure and Development, and Supervision allow NABARD to support rural credit infrastructure and policy adherence. This paper assesses the performance of NABARD in rural development, climate resilient farming, and inclusive growth. Imbalanced credit flow to regions, over-reliance on government support, weak digital connectivity, and congruence of youth training skills remain issues despite these advancements. Despite these issues, NABARD remains a powerful instrument of sustainable rural development and farm advancement in India. This paper thus concludes the relevance of policy reforms, technology adoption, and greater autonomy to improve NABARD's long-term performance.

By Saumya Rai, Dinesh Kumar Tiwari
In Volume: 14,Issue: 1
Title: Voluntary Disclosure Practices in Jordan: Exploring the Key Drivers and Implications

Abstract: This study aims to measure the impact of the level of voluntary disclosure transparency on improving the quality of published financial reports in Jordanian business enterprises during the year 2024. The study adopted a combination of the inductive and positive approaches by extrapolating previous research and studies on voluntary disclosure and using the positive approach to analyze the quantity and quality of information disclosed in financial reports. To achieve the study’s objectives, a model for measuring the level of voluntary disclosure was developed based on models previously used in studies conducted in environments similar to the Jordanian context. This model includes 134 elements encompassing strategic, financial, and non-financial information, with the aim of assessing the impact of these components on improving financial report quality. The study defines report quality in terms of the ability of disclosed information to influence the decision-making process of report users within the research population, which consists of publicly listed companies on the Amman Stock Exchange. Additionally, the study sought to analyze the relationship between several variables—board independence, family ownership percentage, audit committees, and international exposure—and the level of voluntary accounting disclosure. The research sample consisted of 20 publicly listed companies on the Amman Stock Exchange, selected based on specific criteria that serve and contribute to achieving the study’s objectives. The results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between board independence, international exposure, audit committees, audit firm size, company size, and company performance and the level of voluntary disclosure transparency. Furthermore, the study found a statistically significant negative correlation between the percentage of family ownership in Jordanian public shareholding companies and the level of voluntary disclosure in financial reports.

By Alaa Mohamad Malo Alain
In Volume: 14,Issue: 1

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