
Commerce, Meerut College, Meerut

Dhaka School of Economics, Dhaka School of Economics

Faculty of Business Studies, Jagannath University Dhaka

,

Faculty of Technical Studies, Dt Kliment Ohridski Bitola Macedonea

Faculty of Management & Social Sciences, College of Management & Social Sciences Novena University
Abstract: Countries participating in a regional trading arrangement (RTA) are typically heterogeneous, as evidenced by their variations in geographic size, population, gross national product (GNP), economic systems—reflected in the various types of commodities and services manufactured when traded — and the policy instruments employed through monetary, financial, and trade-related measures that affect national production and trade activities. The diverse attributes of the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) members significantly impact their benefits from a Regional Trade Agreement (RTA). The South Asian nations within the SAFTA distinctly illustrate their intrinsic disparities while also highlighting an unsettling situation about the inequitable distribution of prospective benefits from through regional collaboration initiative. Although the members of SAFTA members have low-income and the nations are developing, among these —Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Maldives, —are classified as least developed countries (LDCs) due to many significant challenges that impede their business expansion and development. Thus, the extent to which these issues may impact the SAFTA agreement and the measures India must implement is a crucial inquiry, which serves as the primary purpose of this article. This research also considers the influence among the SAARC members. Analysis of data from several pertinent sources covering the period from 2016-17 to 2022-23 reveals that commerce among SAFTA members has not expanded as considerably as anticipated. The statistical analysis conducted validates the suspicions of numerous scholars, indicating that the SAFTA countries are not genuine trading partners; instead, they frequently compete by exporting identical product categories. Given that this context renders significant growth in mutual trade improbable, the paper finishes with views on enhancing India's regional commerce.
Abstract: Eastern Region of India (ERI) is the inclusion of four states namely – Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal. It has 171040 villages with a vast quantity of rural population. It also includes several tribes in various areas. ERI also has forest resource with several products namely - fuelwood, fodder, edible nuts, herbs, flowers, seeds, leaves, bark, roots, tubers, lichen, honey etc. It has tradition of non-veg and veg cuisines. It is known for hand woven clothes. Jewellery, furniture, baskets, etc. handicraft products have attraction for people in rest of India. ERI is sea coast rich region. It owns much from marine activities. It has thousands of villages. For the socio-economic development of RURAL ERI, 8 Regional Rural Banks are established. These RRBs are the joint venture of central government, state government and scheduled banks. Main aim of these RRBs is rural development. These RRBs are shaping their aim with commitment. In the ERI, deposits, advances of RRBs are increasing continuously, NPA is lessening. RRBs in ERI are earning profit. ERI-RRBs are trying best to achieve the aim. This fact is certified by balance sheets, annual reports, and documents of RRBs, NABARD, RBI and State Governments. Primary cum secondary data and tools are used. Research provides useful conclusion and suggestions for the insight of policy makers. ERI scenario will change completely if conclusions and suggestions of research are implemented according to spirit.
Abstract: This study explores the role of Social Media Marketing Strategies (SMMSs) in promoting tourism in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. With the rise of digital platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, and WhatsApp, social media has become a pivotal tool for destination branding, customer engagement, and tourism outreach. The research adopts a qualitative, descriptive design and relies solely on secondary data, including academic literature, government tourism reports, and digital platform analytics. The paper identifies key determinants of successful social media marketing in tourism content quality, user-generated content, influencer marketing, real-time engagement, and platform-specific strategies. Uttarakhand's current digital efforts are largely focused on basic visual content, with limited use of advanced engagement tools like Social CRM or influencer-led campaigns. It critically evaluates the current approach using a SWOT analysis framework and identifies both achievements and gaps in platform utilisation, content localisation, and targeted advertising. This evaluation provides detailed recommendations to improve digital outreach, including platform diversification, technological innovation, regional inclusion, and sustainable tourism promotion. The findings suggest that while Uttarakhand has made significant progress in digital tourism marketing, an integrated and adaptive strategy is essential to achieve long-term success in an increasingly competitive and dynamic tourism landscape. The research concludes by offering practical recommendations, including developing multilingual content, deeper influencer collaboration, improved feedback mechanisms, and benchmarking against digitally mature tourism states. These strategies can help Uttarakhand maximise its tourism potential by aligning digital marketing practices with evolving traveller behaviours.
Abstract: The performance of two prominent microcredit providers—Grameen Bank and BRAC NGO—is examined in this paper, with particular attention paid to their different organizational structures and governance frameworks. As a borrower-owned cooperative, Grameen Bank promotes member involvement in decision-making, which, through group lending, encourages ownership and peer support but may also lead to social pressure. BRAC NGO, on the other hand, employs a centralized governance model and offers a thorough approach to micro credit that is in line with its larger social development initiatives. Although this strategy provides comprehensive assistance, it may not be as flexible to meet the needs of each borrower. Although borrower choices and economic conditions have an impact on their effectiveness, both groups aim to increase loan attachment and reduce poverty. While BRAC depends on a combination of donor money and revenue-generating operations, Grameen Bank places a higher priority on self-sufficiency. The impact and sustainability of microcredit systems might be improved by fusing the advantages of both models—BRAC's integrated approach and Grameen Bank's borrower ownership.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic, which began as a global health crisis, quickly escalated into a far-reaching economic disruption, significantly impacting industries across the world. The Indian sugar industry—one of the country’s most critical agro-based sectors—was no exception. As a key contributor to rural livelihoods, employment, and the national economy, the industry found itself grappling with unprecedented challenges across its entire value chain. The impact was observed from the very first stage of sugarcane cultivation, which faced labor shortages and transportation issues, to the subsequent phases of processing and manufacturing, which suffered from reduced mill capacities and supply chain constraints. Ethanol production, a major revenue source through the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme, experienced demand fluctuations tied to global oil market volatility. Moreover, marketing and export activities came to a near halt due to domestic lockdowns and international trade restrictions, resulting in inventory surpluses and financial stress across the sector. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted disruptions caused by the pandemic. It highlights the systemic vulnerabilities exposed during the crisis, the operational and financial challenges encountered by stakeholders—ranging from farmers to mill operators—and the mitigating measures undertaken by both the government and industry associations. In addition, the research proposes a strategic recovery roadmap focused on diversification, supply chain resilience, policy adaptability, and long-term sustainability. By exploring these dimensions, the study aims to contribute to the development of a more robust and crisis-resilient Indian sugar industry in the post-pandemic era.
Abstract: Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive global issue that affects individuals across all demographics, but disproportionately impacts women and girls. This abstract examines the multifaceted nature of GBV, encompassing various forms such as physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence. Using a socio-ecological framework, it explores the complex interplay of individual, relational, community, and societal factors that contribute to the perpetuation of GBV. Furthermore, the abstract delves into the profound consequences of GBV on individuals and society at large. Beyond the immediate physical and psychological trauma experienced by survivors, GBV perpetuates cycles of poverty, hinders economic development, and undermines social cohesion. It exacerbates existing inequalities and impedes progress towards gender equality and women's empowerment. Drawing on empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks, this paper underscores the urgent need for comprehensive, multi-sectoral approaches to address GBV effectively. Such approaches should encompass prevention, intervention, and response strategies that engage diverse stakeholders, including governments, civil society organizations, communities, and individuals. Moreover, efforts to combat GBV must be underpinned by a commitment to challenging harmful gender norms, promoting human rights, and fostering gender-equitable societies. By shedding light on the pervasive nature and far-reaching impacts of GBV, this abstract seeks to inform policy, advocacy, and programming efforts aimed at eradicating this grave violation of human rights and fostering a more just and equitable society for all.
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