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Title: GDP, Unemployment, Government Expenditure in Bangladesh: Testing the Relevance of Okun’s Law

Abstract: This study examines the dynamic relationship among Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and government expenditure in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2025. The analysis highlights a period of robust economic performance, with GDP growth consistently averaging above 6%, driven primarily by manufacturing, garment exports, and the service sector. Despite the significant disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which saw growth dip to 3.45%, the economy demonstrated structural resilience and a rapid recovery. Concurrently, government expenditure has expanded significantly as a fiscal tool for development, particularly through large-scale infrastructure projects and social safety nets. Public spending rose from BDT 1,217 billion in 2016 to over BDT 2,218 billion by 2025. However, this expansionary stance has not fully addressed labor market inefficiencies. Unemployment has remained relatively stable between 3% and 5%, suggesting that the link between GDP growth and job creation is weak, thereby offering only limited support for Okun’s Law in the Bangladeshi context. The study identifies persistent structural challenges, including high youth unemployment and skill mismatches, and concludes that inclusive growth policies and labor market reforms are essential to translate macroeconomic gains into sustainable employment generation.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Imran Hosen, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Climate Change, Security Dilemmas, and Power Transitions: India–Europe Perspectives on Global Stability

Abstract: Climate change has become a critical driver of contemporary security challenges, reshaping geopolitical alignments and intensifying security dilemmas in an increasingly multipolar international order. This paper examines the climate–security nexus from India–Europe perspectives, highlighting how climate-induced risks—such as extreme weather events, resource scarcity, displacement, and threats to critical infrastructure—act as threat multipliers that exacerbate existing conflicts and complicate global stability. From the European perspective, climate security has gained strategic significance in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war, which exposed vulnerabilities related to energy dependence and supply-chain disruptions. Consequently, Europe increasingly integrates climate action with energy transition, strategic autonomy, and foreign policy objectives. In contrast, India approaches climate security through the lens of development, resilience, and equity, prioritizing adaptation, energy access, and disaster preparedness while emphasizing differentiated responsibilities in global climate governance. The paper argues that these differing priorities generate security dilemmas in areas such as clean energy competition, access to critical minerals, climate finance, and technological standards. At the same time, expanding India–Europe engagement through green technology cooperation, resilient supply chains, and inclusive climate governance offers opportunities to mitigate climate-related security risks. The study concludes that strengthened India–Europe cooperation is essential for managing climate-driven insecurities and contributing to global stability in an era of accelerating environmental and geopolitical change.

By Dimple Chaudhary
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: The Theory and Practice of Conceptual Aspect of Democracy - A Critical Review

Abstract: Democracy is a way of life. It provides “Possibility of concurrence in action without the preliminary necessity of shared religion, moral conviction or political program. The democratic temper may lead to readiness to accept an other’s truth to be as good as his own, and therefore to enter into community, so far as it is possible to secure a reconciliation. ‘Democracy is traditional to level for the so called fundamental issues, which in any view, remain fundamental even if a number of schools apparently consider them obsolete’. The expressions ‘democracy’ and ‘democratic’ have been used in varying senses in different countries and in many places have been subjected to denote the state of affairs which is in complete negation of the meaning in which they are understood. The three spheres of Democracy are Political, economic and social. Political democracy means the Government by the people, economic democracy connotes the control of the means of production and social democracy means the abolition of social Privileges.

By Surendra Nath Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: The Dynamics of Broadcasting Law and Reality TV in India: Legal and Ethical Challenges

Abstract: In India, television reality programs have become a popular genre thanks to its relevant themes and lively content. But their quick expansion has spurred discussions about moral behavior, the effects on society, and legal issues. With an emphasis on reality television, this essay critically evaluates India's broadcasting laws and regulations, assessing how well they handle issues with participant exploitation, content manipulation, and cultural deterioration. The paper explores the legal framework that governs broadcasting in India, including the Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) and the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995. It draws attention to the shortcomings of current legislation, which is vague in addressing the subtleties of reality programs and results in problems like manufactured narratives, participant psychological suffering, and transgressions of decency standards. These difficulties are highlighted by case studies of well-known programs like Bigg Boss, Indian Idol, and Roadies, which offer insights into the sociocultural ramifications of such programming. The study also identifies areas for improvement by contrasting India's broadcasting laws with international regulatory standards. Among the recommendations are the introduction of specific rules for reality television, the reinforcement of self-control systems, and the encouragement of media literacy among audiences. Reforming broadcasting laws in the digital age is essential, according to the report, which promotes a balanced strategy that protects the public interest, participant welfare, and creative freedom. By emphasizing the necessity of strong controls in India's changing media landscape, this study seeks to advance the conversation on media ethics and policy.

By Jyoti Rawat Lohiya, Sarika Tyagi
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Digital Payments and Fraud in India: A Systematic Review of UPI's Growth and Machine Learning-Based Detection Frameworks

Abstract: India's Unified Payment Interface (UPI) can be stated as the most revolutionary payment system of the twenty-first century. It processed over 21 billion transactions worth ?27.97 lakh crore in December 2025 alone. These figures dictate both its remarkable reach and the security challenges it presents. Since its launch in April 2016 by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), UPI has outpaced traditional digital payment systems, and now over 85% of digital transactions in India are done using UPI. Though the growth is remarkable, it allows new kinds of frauds and scams to arise. Studies show that digital fraud has surged by 346% during COVID-19. This paper examines the empirical and review studies from 2017 to 2026 related to the intersection of UPI’s exponential growth and evolving landscape of digital payment frauds in India. The study critically evaluates the most dominant types of fraud typologies, like phishing, QR code manipulation, KYC impersonation, and social engineering scams, along with the methods used for the prevention of such types of fraud, like machine learning and deep learning architectures. The review finds that machine learning and deep learning architectures achieved over 99% accuracy in the detection of fraud. There are still persistent challenges like class imbalance, data privacy, and adaptive fraudulent behavior. The paper argues that effective fraud mitigation and prevention require more than algorithmic advancement. A multi-layered response integrating system, regulatory dimensions, and user awareness is still required to tackle and prevent fraudulent activities.

By Abhishek Mishra and Dr. Mahendra Pal Singh Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: GDP, Unemployment, Government Expenditure in Bangladesh: Testing the Relevance of Okun’s Law

Abstract: This study examines the dynamic relationship among Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and government expenditure in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2025. The analysis highlights a period of robust economic performance, with GDP growth consistently averaging above 6%, driven primarily by manufacturing, garment exports, and the service sector. Despite the significant disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which saw growth dip to 3.45%, the economy demonstrated structural resilience and a rapid recovery. Concurrently, government expenditure has expanded significantly as a fiscal tool for development, particularly through large-scale infrastructure projects and social safety nets. Public spending rose from BDT 1,217 billion in 2016 to over BDT 2,218 billion by 2025. However, this expansionary stance has not fully addressed labor market inefficiencies. Unemployment has remained relatively stable between 3% and 5%, suggesting that the link between GDP growth and job creation is weak, thereby offering only limited support for Okun’s Law in the Bangladeshi context. The study identifies persistent structural challenges, including high youth unemployment and skill mismatches, and concludes that inclusive growth policies and labor market reforms are essential to translate macroeconomic gains into sustainable employment generation.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Imran Hosen, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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