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Title: Innovative Business Models in Supplying Energy Finance as a Service and Leasing in México

Abstract: This research report examines innovative business models in energy finance as a service (EFaaS) and leasing mechanisms within the Mexican energy sector. As México transitions toward renewable energy and sustainable development goals, novel financing structures have emerged to overcome traditional barriers to energy infrastructure investment. Results demonstrate that energy leasing and service-based models have achieved significant market traction, particularly in commercial solar photovoltaic installations and energy efficiency projects. Findings reveal that successful models incorporate flexible payment structures, comprehensive maintenance services, and performance guarantees that align incentives between service providers and clients. The discussion addresses regulatory enablers, financing innovations, and technology integration strategies that facilitate model adoption. The report concludes that EFaaS and leasing models represent transformative mechanisms for accelerating Mexico's energy transition, with implications for policy development, financial sector engagement, and sustainable infrastructure deployment.

By José G. Vargas-Hernández, Dra. Patricia Villasana-Ramos, M. C. Omar C. Vargas-González
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Financial Performance Evaluation of NSE AND BSE: A Comparative Assessment of Revenue Structure, Operating Efficiency, and Profitability (2020–2025)

Abstract: Stock exchanges play a crucial role in today’s financial systems by providing platforms for raising capital, enhancing market liquidity, and fostering economic growth. The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) and BSE Limited (BSE) in India have witnessed a sea change in the last decade due to technological advancements, regulatory reforms and increasing retail participation. They are regulated in the same way but differ in their revenue models, operating efficiencies and profitability. The present study has made a comparative analysis of the financial performance of NSE & BSE for the period 2020-2025 with the help of secondary data collected from the annual reports & financial statements. Various approaches such as trend analysis and comparative ratio analysis are studied for key performance indicators such as revenue growth, operating margin, and return on equity. Initial results show NSE is operationally more efficient and profitable mainly due to its dominance in the equity derivatives and technology-based product market. By contrast, BSE has focused on innovations in SME listings and mutual fund platforms, but its scale is small. This research adds to the literature on financial market infrastructure by providing insight to regulators, investors and researchers.

By Shamshad Khan, Arvind Kumar Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Socioeconomic Impact of Migration in Rural &Urban Population of Rajasthan

Abstract: Rajasthan, India’s largest state by area, has historically been a major source of internal and international migration due to Agro-Climatic vulnerability, water scarcity and limited industrialization. This study evaluated the data of Census 2011.Periodic Laborer Force Survey (PLFS), 2022-23 and primary survey data from some districts and examines spatial patterns, drivers, and economic impacts of migration. Results show three dominant streams: rural-urban intra state to Jaipur-Kota, rural-rural to Punjab-Haryana-Gujrat for agriculture and construction, and rural metro cities for textiles and services. Remittances constitute 7.8% of Rajasthan’s GSDP reaching 18.2% in Barmer and 14.6% in Sikar. Districts level regression indicates that 1% rise in out migration increases per capita income by Rs 1840 but reduces food grain yield by 0.6% due to laborer loss. Migration reduces poverty by 4.2% in high out migration districts but creates skill deficit, elderly care burden, and agricultural fallow. The study concludes that migration is both a coping mechanism and a development lever, requiring a migration sensitive policy integrating skill hubs, portability of welfare and remittance investment channels.

By Poonam Chaudhary
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Live-in-Relationships and Socio - Legal Challenges in India

Abstract: Due to the absence of legal protection for property rights, live-in relationships continue to be socially stigmatised in India, especially in traditional groups. Property rights are usually valued by married couples, and live-in partnerships are not specifically recognised by Indian law. The difficulties that live-in couples encounter may be made worse by this lack of family support. Without legal recognition, issues pertaining to inheritance rights and child custody become complicated. Although it offers some protection against domestic abuse, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005 can be difficult to apply and enforce. Partners can not have the same financial rights or job benefits as married spouses. Despite these challenges, perceptions about cohabitation are gradually shifting, especially among younger people and in urban areas. Comprehensive legislative reforms are necessary to address the socio-legal problems that cohabiting couples face and to provide them with adequate protection and rights.

By Mohd Danish Khan, Pushkar Raj
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: A Qualitative Analysis of 40 Case Studies on BUBT Students' Admission Experience and Satisfaction

Abstract: Based on in-depth case studies of forty students from all academic departments, this study offers a thorough qualitative examination of the admission experiences and satisfaction of students at Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT). This study finds important factors impacting admission decisions, student happiness, and retention intentions using NVivo 14 software for rigorous qualitative data analysis. The results show a complicated paradox: although 90% of students selected BUBT mainly because of its reasonably priced tuition (20,000–25,000 BDT per semester), they also voiced serious discontent with the qualifications of the instructors, classroom conduct, bullying on Facebook, and subpar housing. With 92.5% of female students satisfied, the proctorial system was found to be the most favorable element. Nonetheless, 65% of students said they had witnessed or experienced instructor annoyance in the form of yelling, canceling classes, or acting insultingly, and 85% of students desired senior teachers with PhDs. The fact that 80% of students said they would be willing to pay an additional 5,000–10,000 BDT per semester if BUBT hired internationally renowned PhD staff and addressed behavioral concerns with teachers is also remarkable. Additionally, 45% of students saw their institution rating as a direct advantage for their own careers, according to the report. Eight evidence-based recommendations, with projected implementation timescales ranging from immediate to two years, are included in the research's conclusion. These recommendations include urgent PhD faculty recruitment, teacher training programs, hostel expansion, and official Facebook group moderating.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Tasfiunnoor Pinky, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Digital Payments and Fraud in India: A Systematic Review of UPI's Growth and Machine Learning-Based Detection Frameworks

Abstract: India's Unified Payment Interface (UPI) can be stated as the most revolutionary payment system of the twenty-first century. It processed over 21 billion transactions worth ?27.97 lakh crore in December 2025 alone. These figures dictate both its remarkable reach and the security challenges it presents. Since its launch in April 2016 by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), UPI has outpaced traditional digital payment systems, and now over 85% of digital transactions in India are done using UPI. Though the growth is remarkable, it allows new kinds of frauds and scams to arise. Studies show that digital fraud has surged by 346% during COVID-19. This paper examines the empirical and review studies from 2017 to 2026 related to the intersection of UPI’s exponential growth and evolving landscape of digital payment frauds in India. The study critically evaluates the most dominant types of fraud typologies, like phishing, QR code manipulation, KYC impersonation, and social engineering scams, along with the methods used for the prevention of such types of fraud, like machine learning and deep learning architectures. The review finds that machine learning and deep learning architectures achieved over 99% accuracy in the detection of fraud. There are still persistent challenges like class imbalance, data privacy, and adaptive fraudulent behavior. The paper argues that effective fraud mitigation and prevention require more than algorithmic advancement. A multi-layered response integrating system, regulatory dimensions, and user awareness is still required to tackle and prevent fraudulent activities.

By Abhishek Mishra and Dr. Mahendra Pal Singh Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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