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Title: Innovative Business Models in Supplying Energy Finance as a Service and Leasing in México

Abstract: This research report examines innovative business models in energy finance as a service (EFaaS) and leasing mechanisms within the Mexican energy sector. As México transitions toward renewable energy and sustainable development goals, novel financing structures have emerged to overcome traditional barriers to energy infrastructure investment. Results demonstrate that energy leasing and service-based models have achieved significant market traction, particularly in commercial solar photovoltaic installations and energy efficiency projects. Findings reveal that successful models incorporate flexible payment structures, comprehensive maintenance services, and performance guarantees that align incentives between service providers and clients. The discussion addresses regulatory enablers, financing innovations, and technology integration strategies that facilitate model adoption. The report concludes that EFaaS and leasing models represent transformative mechanisms for accelerating Mexico's energy transition, with implications for policy development, financial sector engagement, and sustainable infrastructure deployment.

By José G. Vargas-Hernández, Dra. Patricia Villasana-Ramos, M. C. Omar C. Vargas-González
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Financial Performance Evaluation of NSE AND BSE: A Comparative Assessment of Revenue Structure, Operating Efficiency, and Profitability (2020–2025)

Abstract: Stock exchanges play a crucial role in today’s financial systems by providing platforms for raising capital, enhancing market liquidity, and fostering economic growth. The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) and BSE Limited (BSE) in India have witnessed a sea change in the last decade due to technological advancements, regulatory reforms and increasing retail participation. They are regulated in the same way but differ in their revenue models, operating efficiencies and profitability. The present study has made a comparative analysis of the financial performance of NSE & BSE for the period 2020-2025 with the help of secondary data collected from the annual reports & financial statements. Various approaches such as trend analysis and comparative ratio analysis are studied for key performance indicators such as revenue growth, operating margin, and return on equity. Initial results show NSE is operationally more efficient and profitable mainly due to its dominance in the equity derivatives and technology-based product market. By contrast, BSE has focused on innovations in SME listings and mutual fund platforms, but its scale is small. This research adds to the literature on financial market infrastructure by providing insight to regulators, investors and researchers.

By Shamshad Khan, Arvind Kumar Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: The Theory and Practice of Conceptual Aspect of Democracy - A Critical Review

Abstract: Democracy is a way of life. It provides “Possibility of concurrence in action without the preliminary necessity of shared religion, moral conviction or political program. The democratic temper may lead to readiness to accept an other’s truth to be as good as his own, and therefore to enter into community, so far as it is possible to secure a reconciliation. ‘Democracy is traditional to level for the so called fundamental issues, which in any view, remain fundamental even if a number of schools apparently consider them obsolete’. The expressions ‘democracy’ and ‘democratic’ have been used in varying senses in different countries and in many places have been subjected to denote the state of affairs which is in complete negation of the meaning in which they are understood. The three spheres of Democracy are Political, economic and social. Political democracy means the Government by the people, economic democracy connotes the control of the means of production and social democracy means the abolition of social Privileges.

By Surendra Nath Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Impact of Digital and Social Media Advertising on Millennial Consumers

Abstract: Generation Y, commonly identified as Millennials, comprises individuals born between 1981 and 1996. Characterized by profound digital immersion and technological proficiency, this cohort has been significantly influenced by the pervasive expansion of social media. Consequently, social media advertising has emerged as a formidable catalyst in shaping their purchase intentions, consumption patterns, and brand preferences. The present study investigates the multifaceted influence of social media advertising on the buying behaviour of Generation Y consumers within the contemporary digital marketplace. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that social media advertising exerts a profound influence on the lifestyle orientations, consumption behaviour, and purchase decision-making processes of Generation Y consumers. The ubiquitous proliferation of digital platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, and X (formerly Twitter) has fundamentally reconfigured the dynamics of consumer–brand interaction. By facilitating instantaneous access to comprehensive product information, authentic consumer reviews, algorithmically curated recommendations, and influencer-generated endorsements, social media advertising substantially shapes consumer perceptions, reinforces purchase intentions, and cultivates enduring brand predispositions within the contemporary digital ecosystem. The study further highlights that Generation Y consumers actively engage with digital content and rely heavily on online reviews and peer recommendations before making purchases. Businesses and marketers can therefore better understand consumer expectations and design effective advertising strategies to attract and retain this segment. The research concludes that social media advertising has become an essential marketing tool influencing Generation Y’s buying behaviour in the modern digital economy.

By Swati Agarwal
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Technology as a Catalyst for Global Change: Innovation, Equity, and Sustainable Transformation

Abstract: Technology has emerged as a transformative force shaping global development, social equity, and environmental sustainability. From artificial intelligence and digital health systems to renewable energy and smart infrastructure, technological innovation is redefining economies, governance, and human well-being. However, unequal access to digital resources, infrastructural disparities, and ethical challenges continue to widen global inequalities. This chapter explores how technology functions as a catalyst for global change by examining its role in innovation ecosystems, social inclusion, and sustainable development. It critically analyzes digital transformation across sectors such as healthcare, education, industry, and environmental management, while addressing issues of digital divide, data governance, and ethical responsibility. The chapter further aligns technological advancements with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizing inclusive innovation and policy-driven transformation. Through conceptual frameworks and global case illustrations, it proposes a balanced pathway that integrates innovation with equity and sustainability. Ultimately, the chapter argues that technology, when guided by ethical governance and inclusive policies, can serve as a powerful instrument for achieving resilient and sustainable global futures.

By Neha Soni
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Innovative Business Models in Supplying Energy Finance as a Service and Leasing in México

Abstract: This research report examines innovative business models in energy finance as a service (EFaaS) and leasing mechanisms within the Mexican energy sector. As México transitions toward renewable energy and sustainable development goals, novel financing structures have emerged to overcome traditional barriers to energy infrastructure investment. Results demonstrate that energy leasing and service-based models have achieved significant market traction, particularly in commercial solar photovoltaic installations and energy efficiency projects. Findings reveal that successful models incorporate flexible payment structures, comprehensive maintenance services, and performance guarantees that align incentives between service providers and clients. The discussion addresses regulatory enablers, financing innovations, and technology integration strategies that facilitate model adoption. The report concludes that EFaaS and leasing models represent transformative mechanisms for accelerating Mexico's energy transition, with implications for policy development, financial sector engagement, and sustainable infrastructure deployment.

By José G. Vargas-Hernández, Dra. Patricia Villasana-Ramos, M. C. Omar C. Vargas-González
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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