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Title: The Inflation-Unemployment Trade-Off in Bangladesh: Empirical Insights for Accelerating Progress towards Zero Poverty (SDG 1)

Abstract: This study empirically investigates the inflation-unemployment trade-off in Bangladesh and assesses its implications for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 1 (SDG 1) of zero poverty. High inflation erodes the real income of the poor, while unemployment directly limits earning capabilities, making the interplay between these variables a central determinant of poverty reduction. Using annual time-series data from 1990 to 2024, we employ an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to test for the existence and stability of a long-run relationship. Our findings confirm a significant short-run trade-off but reveal that this relationship is unstable and weakens in the long run, suggesting that other structural factors dominate. The results indicate that unanticipated inflationary shocks disproportionately harm the poor, and persistent unemployment remains a formidable barrier to inclusive growth. The study concludes that a singular focus on either price stability or employment generation is insufficient for attaining SDG 1. Instead, Bangladesh requires an integrated policy framework that combines prudent monetary policy to control the inflation rate with targeted fiscal measures, investments in human capital, and productive sector diversification to generate new employment opportunities. This holistic approach is essential to effectively manage the trade-off and accelerate progress towards eliminating poverty.

By Shuvongkor Kumar Datta, S.K.S. Yadav, Jubair Ansary, Ariful Islam
In Volume: 14,Issue: 2
Title: Digital Trade and E-commerce Reshaping Global Trade Architecture in the 21st Century

Abstract: The rapid proliferation of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed the global trade landscape, with e-commerce and digital trade emerging as dominant forces reshaping traditional trade architectures. This paper examines the multifaceted impact of digital trade and e-commerce on global trade structures, analyzing key trends, challenges, and policy implications. Through comprehensive analysis of empirical data and theoretical frameworks, we demonstrate how digital platforms have reduced transaction costs, democratized access to international markets, and created new regulatory challenges. Our findings indicate that digital trade now accounts for a significant portion of global GDP, with cross-border e-commerce growing at unprecedented rates. However, this transformation has also highlighted critical issues including digital divides, data governance concerns, and the need for updated international trade frameworks. This research contributes to understanding how digital trade is reconfiguring global value chains and what policy interventions are necessary to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth in the digital economy.

By Pankaj Yadav
In Volume: 14,Issue: 2
Title: Impact of Global Economic Uncertainty on the Financial Performance of the National Stock Exchange (NSE): A Study from 2021–2025

Abstract: The National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India plays a crucial role in trading stocks, derivatives, and debt instruments. Between 2021 and 2025, global economic uncertainty, driven by pandemic effects, fluctuating interest rates, geopolitical conflicts, and shifts in capital movements, significantly impacted financial markets, including the NSE. This research investigates how challenges like post-pandemic recovery, changes in foreign investment, and tightening monetary policies affected the NSE’s income and trading activity. By analysing secondary data from financial statements and economic reports, the study evaluates trends in revenue, net profits, and trading volumes. Increased global uncertainty led to market volatility and corrections in equity indices. Despite these challenges, the NSE's robust domestic investor base and diversified revenue helped mitigate adverse effects. The findings highlight the importance of adaptive risk management and regulatory consistency in maintaining financial performance during global instability.

By Arvind Kumar Yadav, Shamshad Khan
In Volume: 14,Issue: 2
Title: Hydrogen Peroxide: Poverty Implications on Green and Renewable Energy-Related Financial Literacy in Mexico and Bangladesh

Abstract: This comprehensive research examines the intricate and multifaceted relationship between financial literacy in green energy and entrenched poverty in Mexico and Bangladesh. It explores how systemic socioeconomic barriers fundamentally constrain accessibility to renewable energy technologies and associated financial services. Employing a robust mixed-methods strategy—integrating quantitative econometric analysis, qualitative evaluation of national policy frameworks, and advanced time series diagnostics—this study demonstrates that poverty generates multi-dimensional impediments to renewable energy uptake. These impediments include severely restricted access to tailored financial products, a profound lack of comprehension regarding green financing mechanisms, and deficient technical know-how. The findings reveal that both Mexico's ambitious goal of generating 35% of its electricity from clean sources by 2024 and Bangladesh's targets of 10% renewable energy by 2025 and 40% by 2041 are critically hindered within impoverished communities. In these contexts, financial literacy rates exhibit a strong negative correlation with poverty indices. Furthermore, the study employs unit root (ADF, KPSS, PP) and cointegration (Johansen) tests to analyze temporal trends, revealing the non-stationary nature of key variables like energy poverty and identifying long-run equilibrium between financial inclusion and technology adoption. The results provide critical, policy-relevant insights into how socioeconomic determinants shape energy transition dynamics in emerging economies, offering evidence-based recommendations for designing interventions that promote equitable and inclusive access to renewable energy technologies. The application of hydrogen peroxide H2O2 as a clean energy carrier has significant implications for financial literacy related to green and renewable energy, especially in countries like Mexico and Bangladesh. This comparative analysis seeks to explore how the adoption of H2O2 technology can enhance financial understanding and decision-making in impoverished communities.

By Muhammad Mahboob Ali, José G. Vargas-Hernández
In Volume: 14,Issue: 2
Title: Components of the Money Supply Process in Bangladesh: An Analysis

Abstract: This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the components and effectiveness of the money supply process in Bangladesh, with a particular focus on its underlying determinants, trends, and policy implications. The primary objective is to evaluate whether the existing money supply mechanism, as implemented by the Bangladesh Bank, is effective in meeting the country’s macroeconomic objectives of price stability, economic growth, and financial stability. The research adopts a mixed-method approach, integrating both descriptive and econometric analyses. Descriptive statistics and trend analysis are used to examine the historical patterns of monetary aggregates namely the monetary base (H), money multiplier (m), narrow money (M1), and broad money (M2) over the past two decades. The results reveal that the money supply process in Bangladesh exhibits both short-run volatility and long-run stability, with the monetary base and money multiplier jointly influencing the expansion of M2. Co-integration tests confirm the existence of long-term equilibrium relationships among monetary aggregates, while ECM results suggest a moderate speed of adjustment toward equilibrium following shocks. However, structural break analysis indicates that global financial crises, domestic policy shifts, and recent pandemic-related disruptions have caused significant short-term deviations. The findings highlight that although the Bangladesh Bank’s monetary policy framework has been largely effective in steering the long-run trajectory of the money supply, challenges remain in managing short-run fluctuations and in aligning monetary expansion with real economic growth. The study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the money supply process, including improving forecasting models, strengthening monetary transmission mechanisms, and enhancing coordination between monetary and fiscal policy.

By Sabiha Akter
In Volume: 14,Issue: 2
Title: Liquidity Crisis in the Banking Sector: Actions, Implementation, and Solutions: Bangladesh Perspective

Abstract: This research report provides an in-depth analysis of the persistent liquidity crisis within Bangladesh's banking sector. Characterized by a severe shortage of available cash to meet obligations, the crisis threatens financial stability and long-term economic growth. The study identifies the multifaceted causes of the crisis, which are predominantly rooted in systemic governance failures rather than external shocks. Key factors include alarming levels of Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) driven by poor credit governance and willful defaults, a declining trend in deposit growth, significant capital flight, and foreign currency mismanagement. The report assesses the profound impacts of this crisis, including constrained credit flow to productive sectors, erosion of public trust, and heightened systemic risk. It evaluates recent regulatory interventions by Bangladesh Bank, such as the unification of weak banks and the introduction of the Bank Resolution Ordinance 2025. Through analytical review, the report concludes that while these are positive steps, their long-term efficacy depends on rigorous implementation. The study recommends a holistic strategy encompassing stringent governance reforms, aggressive NPL resolution through asset reconstruction companies, monetary and fiscal policy coordination, technological integration for transparency, and confidence-building measures to attract deposits. The findings underscore that a sustainable solution requires unwavering political will to address deep-seated institutional corruption and mismanagement.

By Selina Akhter
In Volume: 14,Issue: 2

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