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Title: GDP, Unemployment, Government Expenditure in Bangladesh: Testing the Relevance of Okun’s Law

Abstract: This study examines the dynamic relationship among Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and government expenditure in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2025. The analysis highlights a period of robust economic performance, with GDP growth consistently averaging above 6%, driven primarily by manufacturing, garment exports, and the service sector. Despite the significant disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which saw growth dip to 3.45%, the economy demonstrated structural resilience and a rapid recovery. Concurrently, government expenditure has expanded significantly as a fiscal tool for development, particularly through large-scale infrastructure projects and social safety nets. Public spending rose from BDT 1,217 billion in 2016 to over BDT 2,218 billion by 2025. However, this expansionary stance has not fully addressed labor market inefficiencies. Unemployment has remained relatively stable between 3% and 5%, suggesting that the link between GDP growth and job creation is weak, thereby offering only limited support for Okun’s Law in the Bangladeshi context. The study identifies persistent structural challenges, including high youth unemployment and skill mismatches, and concludes that inclusive growth policies and labor market reforms are essential to translate macroeconomic gains into sustainable employment generation.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Imran Hosen, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Financial Performance Evaluation of NSE AND BSE: A Comparative Assessment of Revenue Structure, Operating Efficiency, and Profitability (2020–2025)

Abstract: Stock exchanges play a crucial role in today’s financial systems by providing platforms for raising capital, enhancing market liquidity, and fostering economic growth. The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) and BSE Limited (BSE) in India have witnessed a sea change in the last decade due to technological advancements, regulatory reforms and increasing retail participation. They are regulated in the same way but differ in their revenue models, operating efficiencies and profitability. The present study has made a comparative analysis of the financial performance of NSE & BSE for the period 2020-2025 with the help of secondary data collected from the annual reports & financial statements. Various approaches such as trend analysis and comparative ratio analysis are studied for key performance indicators such as revenue growth, operating margin, and return on equity. Initial results show NSE is operationally more efficient and profitable mainly due to its dominance in the equity derivatives and technology-based product market. By contrast, BSE has focused on innovations in SME listings and mutual fund platforms, but its scale is small. This research adds to the literature on financial market infrastructure by providing insight to regulators, investors and researchers.

By Shamshad Khan, Arvind Kumar Yadav
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: The Dynamics of Broadcasting Law and Reality TV in India: Legal and Ethical Challenges

Abstract: In India, television reality programs have become a popular genre thanks to its relevant themes and lively content. But their quick expansion has spurred discussions about moral behavior, the effects on society, and legal issues. With an emphasis on reality television, this essay critically evaluates India's broadcasting laws and regulations, assessing how well they handle issues with participant exploitation, content manipulation, and cultural deterioration. The paper explores the legal framework that governs broadcasting in India, including the Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) and the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995. It draws attention to the shortcomings of current legislation, which is vague in addressing the subtleties of reality programs and results in problems like manufactured narratives, participant psychological suffering, and transgressions of decency standards. These difficulties are highlighted by case studies of well-known programs like Bigg Boss, Indian Idol, and Roadies, which offer insights into the sociocultural ramifications of such programming. The study also identifies areas for improvement by contrasting India's broadcasting laws with international regulatory standards. Among the recommendations are the introduction of specific rules for reality television, the reinforcement of self-control systems, and the encouragement of media literacy among audiences. Reforming broadcasting laws in the digital age is essential, according to the report, which promotes a balanced strategy that protects the public interest, participant welfare, and creative freedom. By emphasizing the necessity of strong controls in India's changing media landscape, this study seeks to advance the conversation on media ethics and policy.

By Jyoti Rawat Lohiya, Sarika Tyagi
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Fostering Innovation through Education: India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and Mainstreaming of Entrepreneurial Education

Abstract: This paper intends to argue that incorporating entrepreneurial education into school and college curricula is essential for developing a creative and resilient mindset in young people, transforming job seekers into producers and improving initiatives like Startup India. It divides its analysis into four main sections: an introduction that presents entrepreneurship as an essential component of education that aligns with SDG 4's objectives for skill development; a comparison of NEP's visionary reforms towards experiential, multidisciplinary learning with pre-NEP 2020 issues like rote learning, vocational silos, and skills mismatches; an analysis of new teaching methods, emphasising flexible structures like credit banks and interdisciplinary enterprise skills; and A list of crucial actions for implementing NEP 2020, including teacher training and innovation councils, have also been analysed. This paper is a descriptive study, which relies on government reports and documents to study the performance of NEP in fostering innovation and entrepreneurship.

By Prateek Agrawal, Rajeev Sijariya, Monika Singh, Ajay Pratap Singh
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Test Paper

Abstract: Abstract Example

By Dr Sandeep Kumar Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: The Dynamics of Broadcasting Law and Reality TV in India: Legal and Ethical Challenges

Abstract: In India, television reality programs have become a popular genre thanks to its relevant themes and lively content. But their quick expansion has spurred discussions about moral behavior, the effects on society, and legal issues. With an emphasis on reality television, this essay critically evaluates India's broadcasting laws and regulations, assessing how well they handle issues with participant exploitation, content manipulation, and cultural deterioration. The paper explores the legal framework that governs broadcasting in India, including the Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) and the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995. It draws attention to the shortcomings of current legislation, which is vague in addressing the subtleties of reality programs and results in problems like manufactured narratives, participant psychological suffering, and transgressions of decency standards. These difficulties are highlighted by case studies of well-known programs like Bigg Boss, Indian Idol, and Roadies, which offer insights into the sociocultural ramifications of such programming. The study also identifies areas for improvement by contrasting India's broadcasting laws with international regulatory standards. Among the recommendations are the introduction of specific rules for reality television, the reinforcement of self-control systems, and the encouragement of media literacy among audiences. Reforming broadcasting laws in the digital age is essential, according to the report, which promotes a balanced strategy that protects the public interest, participant welfare, and creative freedom. By emphasizing the necessity of strong controls in India's changing media landscape, this study seeks to advance the conversation on media ethics and policy.

By Jyoti Rawat Lohiya, Sarika Tyagi
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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